Behavioral Changes in Elderly Cats

Today, cats are living longer than ever before. With age comes an increased risk of behavioral changes, some of which may be due to aging itself or underlying health issues. While cat owners are often tolerant of odd behaviors, certain signs may indicate your cat needs help. This article highlights common age-related behavioral problems and how to manage them through treatment, environmental changes, and stress reduction—so your cat can age comfortably and confidently.

Are Older Cats More Sensitive?

Yes. In general, older cats are more sensitive to changes in their environment. All cats prefer routine and predictability—but this becomes even more important with age. Change can feel threatening to an elderly cat.

It's important to provide a peaceful home. If you have small children or lively pets, create a quiet, safe space where your older cat can rest undisturbed. Older cats naturally need more time to recover and often spend more time indoors. Just like elderly humans, senior cats require extra affection and care to feel secure and well.

The Forgetful or Senile Cat

Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS)

About 50% of cats over age 15 experience some form of dementia. CDS is caused by changes in brain function, including the buildup of certain proteins that interfere with brain cell communication. Over time, this leads to memory loss, confusion, and behavioral changes.

Research shows nearly one-third of cats aged 11–14 develop at least one age-related behavioral issue, increasing to over 50% by age 15. For the best outcome, all underlying conditions contributing to these changes should be addressed alongside CDS.

Common Signs of CDS:

• Memory changes – Repetitive behaviors, like begging for food shortly after eating.

• Emotional shifts – Depression, anxiety, irritability, or aggression.

• Disorientation – Trouble recognizing people or navigating the home. May lead to litter box accidents or difficulty finding food and water.

• Altered sleep cycles – Sleeping more during the day and being restless or vocal at night.

• Reduced interaction – Less interest in socializing, which can worsen symptoms due to lack of stimulation.

Is My Cat Aging Well? — Quick Checklist

Use this list to spot early changes in your senior cat:

• 🐾 Is your cat eating and drinking normally?

• 🐾 Still using the litter box reliably?

• 🐾 Interested in play, cuddles, or exploring?

• 🐾 Moving easily and grooming regularly?

• 🐾 Sleeping more than usual or vocalizing at night?

• 🐾 Reacting to your voice or sounds around the house?

If you notice any changes, especially in multiple areas, consult your veterinarian.

Rule Out Other Causes

Before diagnosing dementia, rule out other medical issues like arthritis, hearing or vision loss, or kidney/thyroid problems. Many of these conditions present with similar symptoms and can occur alongside dementia. Arthritis, for example, is more common than previously thought in older cats and can make basic tasks—like using the litter box—painful.

Treatment for Dementia

Environmental Support

• Stick to routines—feeding, grooming, bedtime.

• Use sensory markers: sounds (like a radio), familiar scents (e.g., Feliway spray), and textured pathways (e.g., rugs) to help with navigation.

• Ensure easy access to food, water, litter boxes (low-sided), soft bedding, and hiding spots.

• Improve traction on slippery floors with mats.

• Encourage gentle interaction and play adapted to the cat's ability.

Diet and Supplements

• Offer senior-formulated food or therapeutic diets rich in antioxidants, vitamin E, and beta-carotene (e.g., Hill’s J/D, Royal Canin Mobility Support).

• Use calming aids like Feliway (pheromone diffuser) and Zylkene (supplement), which can be combined.

• Glucosamine may ease joint stiffness.

• Denamarin, Denosyl(SAMe) is used in liver support but may also support memory, though more feline-specific research is needed.

Medications

There are currently no medications specifically approved for CDS in cats. Some medications used in humans or dogs—like Selegiline or Propentofylline—have been prescribed off-label in cats to support cognitive function or blood flow to the brain. These drugs must always be prescribed by a veterinarian and used with caution.

Note: While the progression of CDS cannot be reversed, many cats respond well to treatment and environmental changes, which can significantly improve quality of life. Sudden changes, like moving house or disruptions in routine, may worsen symptoms.

When to Contact the Vet

If you notice any of the following, schedule a veterinary check-up:

• Sudden changes in behavior or personality

• Changes in appetite or weight

• New litter box problems

• Excessive sleeping or nighttime vocalization

• Decreased interest in interaction or play

• Confusion, wandering, or getting “lost” in familiar spaces

Many of these signs may be early indicators of treatable conditions like arthritis, high blood pressure, hyperthyroidism, or kidney disease. Early diagnosis and treatment improve both lifespan and quality of life.

Litter Box Problems

Cats who urinate or defecate outside the litter box may be struggling with physical limitations or confusion. Common causes include:

• Arthritis (pain entering or exiting a high-sided box)

• Disorientation (difficulty locating the box)

• Stress or environmental changes

Solutions:

• Add extra litter boxes, especially in multi-story homes.

• Use low-sided boxes with soft, easy-to-walk-in litter.

• Clean frequently to encourage consistent use.

The “Night Talker”

Vocalizing at night is common in senior cats. In one study, 28% of owners reported their older cats became more vocal and attention-seeking after dark.

This behavior often stems from confusion, hearing loss, anxiety, or conditions like hypertension, hyperthyroidism, or dementia. Older cats also rely more on their humans for a sense of safety.

Yelling or ignoring the behavior may worsen it. Giving comfort can help, but be cautious—if your cat learns that meowing leads to nighttime attention, the habit may intensify. Finding the right balance is key.

The Sleeping Cat

It's normal for older cats to sleep more, but excessive sleeping may indicate:

• Pain (especially from arthritis)

• Overgrown claws, which occur more often in inactive cats and can grow into the paw pad, causing pain or infection

• Boredom due to lack of stimulation

Ensure claws are trimmed regularly and that your cat stays mentally and physically engaged.

How to Make Life Easier for Your Elderly Cat

• Stimulating environment – Older cats still enjoy exploring, sniffing, and observing.

• Appropriate play – Choose toys that match your cat’s physical ability.

• Comfortable beds – Provide soft, warm, easily accessible resting areas. Use ramps or steps to help cats reach high places safely.

• Accessible litter boxes – Consider placing one on each floor of your home and make sure they're easy to enter.

• Raised food and water bowls – Help cats with joint stiffness eat and drink more comfortably.

• Multi-sensory toys – For visually impaired cats, use scented toys or those that make noise.

Planning for the Final Stage

As cats enter advanced age, their needs may shift toward comfort and support. If your cat experiences significant decline in function or quality of life, your veterinarian can help you assess next steps—including palliative care, pain relief, or when necessary, a peaceful end-of-life decision. Knowing you’re doing what’s best for your cat at every stage can offer comfort during this emotional time.

Final Thoughts

Behavioral changes in older cats should never be dismissed as “just aging.” Many are signs of treatable medical or cognitive conditions. With the right care—medical, dietary, environmental—you can significantly improve your cat’s quality of life in their senior years.